总统的心脏病发作改变了美国

心脏病对白宫来说并不陌生.

但在一个世纪的总统心脏危机中, none affected America the way Dwight Eisenhower's 1955 heart attack did. 这一沙巴体育平台点击进入先是震惊，然后又启发了整个国家. 而且就在一个科学飞速发展的时代到来之前, it highlights how much researchers have learned about heart health.

在过去的100年里，患心血管疾病的总统几乎和总统的名单一样长. 富兰克林D. 罗斯福在63岁时因中风去世. Calvin Coolidge died of a heart attack at age 60, four years after leaving the Oval Office. 林登·约翰逊(Lyndon Johnson)在入主白宫之前曾心脏病发作，并在卸任后死于心脏病，享年64岁.

66岁时，乔治.W. Bush was treated for atrial fibrillation, a type of irregular heartbeat, while in office. 离任后, 2004年，58岁的比尔•克林顿(Bill Clinton)接受了四冠状动脉搭桥手术，2010年接受了支架手术.

这只是一个抽样. 艾森豪威尔的心脏病发作之所以引人注目，部分原因是它发生在人们更加关注心血管疾病的时代, 但即使是医生对此也知之甚少.

“‘风险因素’这个词并不存在。. 托马斯H. Lee, chief medical officer at the consulting firm Press Ganey. "So the idea that you could predict who was at risk didn't exist."

李，他写了 艾森豪威尔的案件 发表在2020年的《沙巴体育平台点击进入》上, 他说，当时心脏病发作“突如其来”, 他们很可怕." Even for those who made it to the hospital, the death rate was as high as 40%.

艾森豪威尔的案件 began on a golf course in Denver on the afternoon of Friday, Sept. 23, 1955. The World War II hero, who had been elected in 1952, complained of indigestion. He blamed the discomfort on his lunch, a hamburger with Bermuda onions.

But shortly after midnight, he woke up with severe chest pain. His wife, Mamie, summoned his personal physician, who arrived at 3 a.m. 总统接下来究竟得到了怎样的照顾，这是有争议的, 但很可能当时主要的治疗方法就是给他注射吗啡来缓解疼痛. 直到第二天下午，医生才拿来心电图仪来测量他的心电活动.

那是在艾森豪威尔凌晨1点醒来之后.m. that the device was used to confirm he'd had a significant heart attack.

当你回头看他当时的关怀, 从现在起，一切都变得不同了,”医生说。. Adrian Messerli, section chief of interventional cardiology at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. 梅瑟利与人合写了一篇NEJM文章 艾森豪威尔心脏病发作 50周年纪念.

Messerli说 the slow pace of the president's care contrasts with what would be done today. 现在大家都知道沙巴足球体育平台是最重要的, which is why 911 should be called immediately when people experience 心脏病发作症状. 病人会被紧急送往医院, 立即做心电图检查，然后送到导管实验室清理任何阻塞的动脉.

这些在1955年几乎都是不可能的.

冠状动脉监护室不存在. Neither did 心肺复苏 or portable defibrillators for people who went into cardiac arrest. 这些都是几年后才出现的, 说李, who also is a senior physician at Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital.

"Good care was you put people to bed, and you hoped for the best," he said.

The lack of effective care made news about a presidential heart attack terrifying. 的,你.S. 卫生局局长. Leonard Scheele, equated his shock to what he felt after Pearl Harbor was attacked. 消息传出后的那个星期一, 道琼斯工业股票平均价格指数下跌6%，损失140亿美元，是自1929年股市崩盘以来的最大损失.

走进这可怕的气氛. 波士顿麻省总医院的Paul Dudley 白色说. He had been summoned by military doctors and flown to Denver on Sunday.

白色, 他在1924年帮助成立了美国心脏协会，并治疗过安德鲁·卡内基和威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特这样的人, “可以说是全国最受尊敬的医生?,李写道。.

艾森豪威尔命令他的沙巴足球体育平台秘书“把一切都告诉他们”，为前所未有的公众讨论他的健康状况扫清了道路." 白色 reviewed the president's records, consulted with his doctors and examined the man.

在周一早上拥挤的沙巴足球体育平台发布会之前, 白色 seized the moment not simply to discuss the president's prognosis, 但是要教.

"Heart attacks became less mysterious and less frightening to millions of Americans that day,李写道。, "and 白色 gave them the message that they could take steps to reduce their risk."

怀特解释说，总统的问题与高尔夫球或丹佛的高海拔无关, 正如一些人所怀疑的那样. He spelled out the process of what he called "coronary thrombosis,血栓阻止血液流向心脏.

从理解的前沿来说, 白色 said that heart attacks might be related to factors such as diet, 酒精, 烟草, 运动和家族史.

李说，最重要的是，怀特也给总统恢复的机会带来了真诚的希望. 同样至关重要的是, 白色 said a heart attack did not mean the end of a productive life, 正如当时许多人所想的那样.

整个国家都在倾听. 克拉伦斯·G. 拉斯比在他1997年的书《沙巴体育平台点击进入》中写道," 白色 had gone to Denver as a consultant; a few weeks later, 他是全国的名人.

怀特对心脏健康的看法成为了头版沙巴足球体育平台. Lasby引用了他的话, “在接下来的几个星期里，我与全国人民交谈，就像我与许多私人病人的家属交谈一样."

它的直接效果是消除了心脏病幸存者注定要过着不运动的生活的观念. 随着沙巴足球体育平台的推移, Messerli说, 怀特的信息也“可能提高了公众对资助心血管研究和医学研究的容忍度。."

白色's accomplishments did not necessarily include healing the president.

梅瑟利说:“我认为尽管经过了精心护理，他还是活了下来。. “这是, 他当时接受的任何药物治疗都不太可能对他心脏病发作的结果产生多大影响."

然而，艾森豪威尔确实恢复了元气，并在1956年赢得了连任. 就他自己而言，他采取了一些今天医生会推荐的措施来帮助他的心脏健康.

拉斯比写道，艾森豪威尔在听从怀特关于锻炼和低脂饮食重要性的建议方面“远远领先于这个领域”, 低胆固醇饮食. The former four-pack-a-day smoker had quit cold turkey in 1949. 他小心地注意着自己的体重. And after the president read about a cholesterol-lowering diet in 1959, a doctor joked that he became more worried about his cholesterol levels than his golf score.

然而，他的心血管问题并没有结束. Eisenhower had a stroke in 1957 that affected his ability to speak. Another heart attack in 1965 ended his participation in public affairs. 1969年，他死于充血性心力衰竭，享年78岁.

艾森豪威尔确实活得很长，在他生命的最后几年里，他受益于一波又一波的治疗方法, Messerli说. 他是第一批受益于1962年推出的除颤器的人之一。除颤器可以使心脏恢复正常的节奏. On one hospital stay in 1968, Eisenhower was shocked multiple times. "Every time that was administered, it could be argued that it saved his life," Messerli说.

在他生命的后期，他被考虑接受其他当时新的治疗方法，包括冠状动脉搭桥手术.

1977年，球囊血管成形术——通过导管插入球囊打开阻塞的动脉——成功地开创了心脏病治疗的新纪元. 这种治疗方法, 再加上20世纪80年代溶血药物的出现, 也就是说今天, the 30-day survival rate for someone having even a severe heart attack is about 90%.

回顾这些进步，Messerli说，让他对今天的新兴技术感到兴奋. "It's humbling to think about where we'll be in another 80 years, 有适当的研究和资助."

白色 is known today for educating people about heart health with kindness and compassion, 但艾森豪威尔对怀特的感情冷却下来，因为他认为怀特是在“寻求宣传”,拉斯比写道. 但作者称赞总统和医生帮助释放了“前所未有的知识洪流，构成了美国对其最具破坏性疾病的第一次认真调查”."

1955年，《沙巴体育平台点击进入》的编辑写信给总统.S. 《沙巴足球体育平台与世界报道》指出，许多人要求重印其对心脏病专家的采访，并表示, “因为你的病, 美国人民在心脏及其疾病方面比以往任何时候都受过更好的教育."

陆军博士. 托马斯Mattingly, 谁监督了总统的大部分治疗, 写到怀特, 谁死于1973年，享年87岁, "Every surviving victim of coronary disease today is indebted to him for his help."